U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit is the federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the District of Nebraska. It is based in St. Louis, Missouri, and has offices in St. Paul, Minnesota. The court also holds oral arguments in Omaha and Kansas City, Missouri.

U.S. District Court for the District of Nebraska is the federal district court with jurisdiction over Nebraska's 93 counties.

Nebraska Surpreme Court is the highest court in Nebraska. It is responsible to hear appeals and provide administrative leadership for the state judicial system. It also has the authority to be the original court for cases under certain circumstances. It also hears all appellate cases regarding the death penalty, life imprisonment or constitutional questions. The court also is responsible for the regulation of the practice of law in Nebraska, including attorney discipline.

Nebraska Court of Appeals is an intermediate court that hears appeals for all cases except those in which a sentence of death or life imprisonment is imposed and cases involving the constitutionality of a statute.

Nebraska Workers' Compensation Court administers and enforces the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act, which includes original jurisdiction of all claims for workers’ compensation benefits resulting from occupational injuries or illnesses

Fourth Judicial District Court of Nebraska (Douglas County District Court) is a trial court of general jurisdiction serving Douglas County, which includes the city of Omaha. It serves the largest population of any judicial district in Nebraska.

Douglas County Court is a trial court of specified limited jurisdiction in Douglas County that hears small claims, probate, guardianship, conservatorship, adoption, and municipal ordinance violation cases, as well as preliminary hearings in felony criminal cases. Nebraska county courts have concurrent jurisdiction with district courts in some divorce cases and other civil cases involving $53,000 or less, as well as concurrent jurisdiction with misdemeanor criminal and traffic infraction cases, which are typically prosecuted in county courts.

Separate Juvenile Court of Douglas County is a court of record and handles matters involving neglected, dependent and delinquent children. The court also has jurisdiction in domestic relations cases where the care, support or custody of minor children is an issue.

Second Judicial District Court of Nebraska is comprised of the Sarpy County District Court and Cass County District Court, in addition to portions of Otoe County.

Sarpy County Court is the trial court of specified limited jurisdiction in Sarpy County that hears small claims, probate, guardianship, conservatorship, adoption, and municipal ordinance violation cases, as well as preliminary hearings in felony criminal cases, some divorce cases, some civil cases, misdemeanor criminal and traffic cases and traffic infraction cases.

Sarpy County Separate Juvenile Court is a court of record and handles matters involving neglected, dependent and delinquent children. The court also has jurisdiction in domestic relations cases where the care, support or custody of minor children is an issue.

Additionally, Nebraska has authorized a number of problem-solving courts within district, county or juvenile courts that include programs to treat problems related to substance abuse, mental health and domestic violence. Problem-solving courts are post plea or post adjudicatory intensive supervision treatment programs. Area problem-solving courts include the Impact From Infancy Court, Douglas County Adult Drug Court, Douglas County Young Adult Court, Douglas County Veterans Treatment Court, Sarpy County Adult Drug Court and Sarpy County Juvenile Drug Court.